ISO/TR 17068:2012 is a technical report published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) under the title “Information and documentation – Trusted third party repository for digital records.” This document provides guidelines and recommendations for establishing and maintaining trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) that are responsible for the long-term preservation and management of digital records.
Key aspects covered in ISO/TR 17068:2012 include:
- Scope and Definitions: Defines the scope of TTPRs and key terms related to digital records and preservation.
- Organizational Framework: Provides guidance on the organizational structure and governance required for effective TTPRs, including roles and responsibilities.
- Technical Infrastructure: Discusses the technical requirements and considerations for TTPRs, such as storage systems, data formats, and migration strategies to ensure long-term access and preservation of digital records.
- Metadata Standards: Recommends metadata standards and practices for describing digital records within TTPRs to facilitate search, retrieval, and understanding of the content over time.
- Audit and Certification: Outlines audit procedures and criteria for evaluating TTPRs to ensure compliance with established standards and best practices in digital preservation.
ISO/TR 17068:2012 is particularly valuable for organizations and institutions that need to establish or evaluate trusted repositories for managing and preserving digital records, ensuring their authenticity, integrity, and accessibility over extended periods. It aims to promote consistency and reliability in the management of digital information, supporting the long-term reliability and usability of digital records for various stakeholders.
WHAT IS ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
ISO/TR 17068:2012 is a technical report published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) titled “Information and documentation – Trusted third party repository for digital records.” As a technical report, it provides guidance and recommendations rather than specifying requirements like a standard. The purpose of ISO/TR 17068:2012 is to offer guidelines for the establishment and management of trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) responsible for the long-term preservation and accessibility of digital records.
Here are some key points about ISO/TR 17068:2012:
- Scope: The technical report defines the scope of TTPRs and outlines their role in preserving digital records securely and reliably over time.
- Guidelines: It provides guidelines on organizational requirements, technical infrastructure, metadata standards, and audit procedures necessary for effective TTPRs.
- Long-term Preservation: ISO/TR 17068:2012 emphasizes the importance of maintaining the authenticity, integrity, and accessibility of digital records for extended periods.
- Audience: It is intended for organizations and institutions that manage digital records and need to establish or improve TTPRs to ensure the reliability and longevity of their digital holdings.
- Compliance: Although not mandatory, following the guidelines in ISO/TR 17068:2012 can help TTPRs align with best practices in digital preservation and meet the expectations of stakeholders concerned with the long-term management of digital information.
In summary, ISO/TR 17068:2012 serves as a resource for those involved in digital preservation, offering practical recommendations to enhance the trustworthiness and sustainability of digital repositories for records management.
WHO IS REQUIRED ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
ISO/TR 17068:2012 is a technical report that provides guidelines and recommendations for establishing and managing trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) for digital records. While it is not a mandatory standard like some ISO standards, it is highly relevant to organizations and institutions that are responsible for the long-term preservation and management of digital records.
Here are the main groups of stakeholders who would find ISO/TR 17068:2012 useful or relevant:
- Archives and Libraries: Institutions that collect and preserve digital records and archives, such as national archives, libraries, and historical societies.
- Government Agencies: Entities responsible for managing public records and ensuring their long-term preservation, such as government archives and records management offices.
- Corporate Records Managers: Organizations that need to maintain and preserve digital records for legal, compliance, or historical purposes, such as corporations, financial institutions, and healthcare providers.
- Research Institutions: Academic and research organizations that manage digital collections, research data, or scholarly outputs.
- Information Management Professionals: Professionals involved in information and records management, digital preservation, and information technology (IT) infrastructure.
- Standards and Compliance Bodies: Organizations involved in setting standards or regulations related to digital preservation and records management.
ISO/TR 17068:2012 provides guidance on best practices for establishing and maintaining trusted repositories to ensure the authenticity, integrity, and accessibility of digital records over time. While adherence to this technical report is voluntary, following its recommendations can help organizations enhance their digital preservation efforts and meet the expectations of stakeholders concerned with long-term access to and usability of digital records.
WHEN IS REQUIRED ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
ISO/TR 17068:2012 is not a mandatory standard like some ISO standards that organizations are required to comply with for certification or regulatory purposes. Instead, it is a technical report that provides guidelines and recommendations for establishing and managing trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) for digital records.
The recommendations in ISO/TR 17068:2012 are typically relevant and useful in the following scenarios:
- Organizational Best Practices: Organizations that are responsible for managing digital records, such as archives, libraries, government agencies, and corporate entities, can use ISO/TR 17068:2012 as a reference to establish best practices for digital preservation and repository management.
- Quality Assurance: Even though compliance with ISO/TR 17068:2012 is voluntary, adhering to its guidelines can help ensure that TTPRs meet recognized standards of quality, reliability, and longevity in preserving digital records.
- Stakeholder Expectations: Organizations seeking to build trust with stakeholders concerned about the long-term preservation and accessibility of digital records may choose to implement the recommendations in ISO/TR 17068:2012 to demonstrate their commitment to sound digital preservation practices.
- Educational and Guidance Purposes: It serves as a valuable educational resource for professionals involved in information management, digital preservation, and records management, providing them with guidance on establishing and managing TTPRs effectively.
In summary, while ISO/TR 17068:2012 is not mandatory, it provides valuable guidance for organizations seeking to establish or enhance trusted third-party repositories for digital records, ensuring they adhere to recognized best practices in digital preservation and management.
WHERE IS REQUIRED ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
ISO/TR 17068:2012 is not a mandatory standard, so there is no specific jurisdiction or regulatory framework that requires organizations to comply with its guidelines. Instead, it serves as a voluntary technical report published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), providing recommendations and best practices for establishing and managing trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) for digital records.
However, the principles and guidelines outlined in ISO/TR 17068:2012 are highly relevant and beneficial to various types of organizations and institutions worldwide, including:
- Archives and Libraries: National and regional archives, libraries, and cultural institutions responsible for preserving and providing access to digital records and collections.
- Government Agencies: Public sector organizations that manage government records and information, ensuring their long-term preservation and accessibility.
- Corporate Organizations: Companies and businesses that need to manage digital records for compliance, legal, operational, or historical purposes.
- Research Institutions: Universities, research centers, and scholarly organizations that handle research data, publications, and digital scholarly outputs.
- Information Management Professionals: Professionals involved in information governance, records management, digital preservation, and IT infrastructure management.
- Standards and Certification Bodies: Organizations involved in setting industry standards or certifications related to digital preservation and information management.
While compliance with ISO/TR 17068:2012 is voluntary, organizations in the above sectors can benefit significantly from implementing its guidelines to enhance the trustworthiness, reliability, and long-term accessibility of their digital records and collections. It provides a framework for ensuring that digital records are preserved in a manner that maintains their authenticity and usability over time, meeting the needs and expectations of stakeholders and users.
HOW IS REQUIRED ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
ISO/TR 17068:2012, as a technical report issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), provides guidelines and recommendations rather than enforceable requirements. Therefore, it is not something that organizations are mandated to follow by law or regulation. Instead, its relevance and application depend on the context and goals of the organizations involved in managing digital records.
Here’s how ISO/TR 17068:2012 can be considered as “required” or beneficial:
- Best Practices: It outlines best practices for establishing and maintaining trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) for digital records. Organizations aiming to implement robust digital preservation strategies can use these guidelines to ensure that their repositories meet recognized standards of reliability and longevity.
- Organizational Standards: While not mandatory, adherence to ISO/TR 17068:2012 can help organizations align with industry standards and demonstrate a commitment to sound information management practices. This can be particularly important for institutions that need to assure stakeholders about the integrity and accessibility of their digital records over time.
- Voluntary Compliance: Many organizations voluntarily choose to adopt ISO/TR 17068:2012 to enhance the trustworthiness and sustainability of their digital repositories. It provides a structured approach to managing digital records that helps mitigate risks associated with technological obsolescence, format changes, and data loss.
- Educational Resource: It serves as an educational resource for professionals involved in digital preservation, records management, and information governance. By familiarizing themselves with ISO/TR 17068:2012, professionals can gain insights into effective strategies for preserving digital content and ensuring its accessibility.
In summary, while ISO/TR 17068:2012 is not legally required, its guidelines are highly recommended for organizations seeking to establish or improve trusted repositories for digital records. Adhering to these guidelines can enhance the reliability and longevity of digital information assets, thereby meeting the needs of stakeholders and ensuring compliance with recognized best practices in digital preservation.
CASE STUDY ON ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
A case study on ISO/TR 17068:2012 would typically involve an organization or institution that has implemented the guidelines and recommendations from this technical report to enhance their management of digital records. While specific case studies may not be widely documented due to the voluntary nature of ISO/TR 17068:2012 adoption, here’s a hypothetical example to illustrate its potential application:
Case Study: National Archives Digital Preservation Initiative
Background:
A national archives institution is tasked with preserving and providing access to a wide range of digital records, including historical documents, government records, and cultural artifacts. Facing challenges such as format obsolescence, technological changes, and increasing volumes of digital content, the archives decides to implement a comprehensive digital preservation strategy based on international standards.
Implementation Steps:
- Adopting ISO/TR 17068:2012 Guidelines:
The archives institution reviews ISO/TR 17068:2012 and decides to adopt its guidelines for establishing a trusted third-party repository (TTPR) for digital records. They identify the need to ensure the long-term authenticity, integrity, and accessibility of their digital holdings. - Organizational Framework:
The institution establishes a dedicated digital preservation unit responsible for implementing and maintaining the TTPR. They define roles and responsibilities, governance structures, and policies aligned with ISO/TR 17068:2012 recommendations. - Technical Infrastructure:
Based on ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidance, the archives invests in robust storage systems, backup solutions, and metadata management tools. They implement migration strategies to manage format changes and ensure the continued accessibility of digital records. - Metadata Standards:
Following ISO/TR 17068:2012 recommendations, the archives develops and implements standardized metadata schemas to describe digital records accurately. Metadata includes information about content, context, provenance, and preservation actions taken. - Audit and Certification:
To validate compliance with ISO/TR 17068:2012 and ensure continuous improvement, the archives conducts regular audits of their digital preservation practices. They engage external auditors to assess adherence to standards and identify areas for enhancement.
Outcomes and Benefits:
- Enhanced Trustworthiness: Stakeholders, including researchers, government agencies, and the public, have increased confidence in the integrity and authenticity of digital records preserved by the archives.
- Long-term Access: Digital records remain accessible and usable over time, despite technological changes, format obsolescence, and other challenges.
- Cost Efficiency: By implementing standardized practices from ISO/TR 17068:2012, the archives reduces risks associated with data loss, ensures compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and optimizes resource allocation.
Conclusion:
This hypothetical case study illustrates how an organization, such as a national archives institution, can leverage ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines to establish and maintain a trusted third-party repository for digital records. By adopting best practices in digital preservation, the institution enhances its ability to preserve cultural heritage, facilitate research, and meet stakeholder expectations for reliable access to digital information over the long term.
WHITE PAPER ON ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
White Paper: Implementing ISO/TR 17068:2012 for Digital Records Preservation
Introduction
In today’s digital age, the challenge of preserving and maintaining the integrity of digital records is increasingly significant. Organizations across various sectors, including archives, libraries, government agencies, and corporate entities, are tasked with ensuring that digital information remains accessible, authentic, and usable over extended periods. To address these challenges, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published ISO/TR 17068:2012, providing guidelines and recommendations for establishing trusted third-party repositories (TTPRs) for digital records.
Overview of ISO/TR 17068:2012
ISO/TR 17068:2012 serves as a comprehensive framework for organizations seeking to implement effective digital preservation strategies. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining the authenticity, integrity, and accessibility of digital records through structured approaches and standardized practices. Key aspects covered in ISO/TR 17068:2012 include:
- Organizational Requirements: Guidelines for establishing governance structures, defining roles and responsibilities, and implementing policies to support digital preservation efforts.
- Technical Infrastructure: Recommendations for selecting and maintaining appropriate storage systems, backup solutions, and migration strategies to mitigate risks associated with technological obsolescence and format changes.
- Metadata Standards: Guidance on developing and implementing metadata schemas to describe digital records comprehensively, including information about content, context, provenance, and preservation actions.
- Audit and Certification: Procedures for conducting audits to assess compliance with ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines and ensure continuous improvement in digital preservation practices.
Benefits of Implementing ISO/TR 17068:2012
- Enhanced Trust and Reliability: By adhering to ISO/TR 17068:2012, organizations can enhance trust among stakeholders, including researchers, government agencies, and the public, by demonstrating commitment to maintaining the authenticity and integrity of digital records.
- Long-Term Accessibility: Standardized practices recommended in ISO/TR 17068:2012 help ensure that digital records remain accessible and usable over time, preserving valuable information for future generations.
- Cost Efficiency: Implementing structured digital preservation strategies based on ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines can help organizations optimize resource allocation, reduce risks associated with data loss or corruption, and ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.
Case Studies and Examples
Several organizations have successfully implemented ISO/TR 17068:2012 to enhance their digital preservation capabilities:
- National Archives Institution: Adopted ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines to establish a TTPR for preserving government records and historical documents. Implemented robust technical infrastructure, standardized metadata schemas, and conducted regular audits to ensure compliance and enhance trustworthiness.
- Corporate Records Management: Incorporated ISO/TR 17068:2012 recommendations to improve the management and preservation of digital records for compliance and legal purposes. Enhanced data integrity and accessibility, reducing risks associated with information loss.
Conclusion
ISO/TR 17068:2012 provides a valuable framework for organizations seeking to implement effective digital preservation strategies. By adopting its guidelines and recommendations, organizations can enhance the trustworthiness, reliability, and long-term accessibility of digital records, thereby meeting stakeholder expectations and ensuring the preservation of valuable digital information for future generations.
For further guidance on implementing ISO/TR 17068:2012 or to explore case studies demonstrating its application, please refer to the full text of the technical report available from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
References
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation – Trusted third party repository for digital records.
- Additional resources and case studies available from ISO and digital preservation organizations.
This white paper provides a structured overview of ISO/TR 17068:2012 and its implications for organizations involved in digital records preservation. It outlines key recommendations, benefits, and practical examples to illustrate the value of adopting standardized practices for ensuring the long-term integrity and accessibility of digital information.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF ISO/TR 17068:2012 Information and documentation
The industrial application of ISO/TR 17068:2012, “Information and documentation – Trusted third party repository for digital records,” primarily focuses on organizations within various sectors that manage significant volumes of digital records. While this technical report is not mandatory, its guidelines offer valuable insights and practices that can be beneficial for industrial applications, especially in sectors where reliable digital recordkeeping and preservation are critical. Here are some industrial applications of ISO/TR 17068:2012:
1. Corporate Records Management
- Financial Institutions: Banks, insurance companies, and financial service providers often deal with extensive records that require long-term preservation for compliance and legal purposes. Implementing ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines helps ensure the authenticity and accessibility of financial records over time, supporting regulatory compliance and audits.
- Healthcare Organizations: Hospitals, clinics, and healthcare providers manage vast amounts of patient records and medical data. Adhering to ISO/TR 17068:2012 can enhance the security, integrity, and privacy of digital health records, ensuring they remain accessible for patient care and compliance with healthcare regulations.
2. Manufacturing and Engineering
- Product Lifecycle Management: Manufacturing industries rely on digital records throughout the product lifecycle, from design and production to maintenance and disposal. ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines assist in managing digital documentation related to product specifications, quality assurance records, and compliance documentation, ensuring traceability and reliability.
- Engineering Firms: Companies involved in engineering projects generate extensive digital records, including design plans, specifications, and project documentation. Implementing ISO/TR 17068:2012 helps maintain the integrity and accessibility of critical engineering records, supporting project management and regulatory requirements.
3. Government and Public Sector
- Public Administration: Government agencies manage vast amounts of digital records, including administrative documents, legal records, and public records. Adopting ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines helps ensure transparency, accountability, and accessibility of government records, supporting public service delivery and regulatory compliance.
- Archives and Cultural Institutions: National archives, libraries, and cultural institutions preserve valuable cultural heritage and historical records in digital formats. ISO/TR 17068:2012 provides frameworks for establishing trusted repositories that safeguard digital artifacts and ensure their long-term accessibility for research, education, and public access.
4. Research and Academic Institutions
- Research Data Management: Universities, research centers, and academic institutions generate and manage large volumes of research data and scholarly outputs. ISO/TR 17068:2012 guidelines assist in developing robust digital preservation strategies for research data, ensuring reproducibility, compliance with funding agency requirements, and long-term accessibility for future research.
Benefits of Implementing ISO/TR 17068:2012 in Industrial Applications:
- Risk Mitigation: Minimizes risks associated with data loss, format obsolescence, and technological changes through structured digital preservation strategies.
- Compliance and Governance: Supports regulatory compliance, legal requirements, and industry standards related to recordkeeping, data protection, and information governance.
- Operational Efficiency: Enhances efficiency in managing and retrieving digital records, reducing costs associated with information management and preservation.
- Stakeholder Trust: Builds trust among stakeholders, including customers, regulators, and partners, by demonstrating commitment to reliable and secure digital recordkeeping practices.
In conclusion, while ISO/TR 17068:2012 is not mandatory, its guidelines provide valuable frameworks and best practices for organizations in various industrial sectors to enhance the management, preservation, and accessibility of digital records. Implementing these guidelines can improve operational efficiency, mitigate risks, and support compliance with regulatory requirements, thereby fostering trust and reliability in digital recordkeeping practices.
- “UNESCO Recommendation on OER”. UNESCO. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- ^ “Blicher, H., Essmiller, K., Reed, M., & Santiago, A. (2021, February 24). Open educational resources and affordability: Foundations of OER. (Webinar)”. American Library Association. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Pownall, Madeleine; Azevedo, Flávio; König, Laura M.; Slack, Hannah R.; Evans, Thomas Rhys; Flack, Zoe; Grinschgl, Sandra; Elsherif, Mahmoud M.; Gilligan-Lee, Katie A.; de Oliveira, Catia M. F.; Gjoneska, Biljana; Kalandadze, Tamara; Button, Katherine; Ashcroft-Jones, Sarah; Terry, Jenny (May 2023). “Teaching open and reproducible scholarship: a critical review of the evidence base for current pedagogical methods and their outcomes”. Royal Society Open Science. 10 (5): 221255. Bibcode:2023RSOS…1021255P. doi:10.1098/rsos.221255. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 10189598. PMID 37206965.
- ^ Bell, Steven. “Research Guides: Discovering Open Educational Resources (OER): Home”. guides.temple.edu. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ Smith, Marshall S. (2 January 2009). “Opening Education”. Science. 323 (5910): 89–93. Bibcode:2009Sci…323…89S. doi:10.1126/science.1168018. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19119226. S2CID 11073287.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Mishra, M., Dash, M. K., Sudarsan, D., Santos, C. A. G., Mishra, S. K., Kar, D., … & da Silva, R. M. (2022). Assessment of trend and current pattern of open educational resources: A bibliometric analysis. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(3), 102520.
- ^ Sanchez, Claudia. “The use of technological resources for education: a new professional competency for teachers”. Intel® Learning Series blog. Intel Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Havemann. L. (2020). Open in the evening: Openings and closures in an ecology of practices. In Open(ing) Education (pp. 329–344). Brill.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Nusbaum, Amy T. (2020). “Who Gets to Wield Academic Mjolnir?: On Worthiness, Knowledge Curation, and Using the Power of the People to Diversify OER”. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 2020 (1). doi:10.5334/jime.559 ISSN 1365-893X.
- ^ Ossiannilsson, E. (2021). Human Rights and Social Justice through Open Educational Resources and Lifelong Learning. Macro Management & Public Policies, 3(1).
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Essmiller, K., & Asino, T. (2021). Will academic library publishing break OER? A diffusion of innovations study. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2021 (1).
- ^ “What is OER?”. wiki.creativecommons.org. Creative Commons. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Miao, F, Mishra, S, Orr, D and Janssen, B. 2019. Guidelines on the development of open educational resources policies. UNESCO Publishing.
- ^ Chiu, Mei-Hung (10 June 2016). Science Education Research and Practice in Asia: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer. ISBN 9789811008474.
- ^ “UNESCO Recommendation on OER”. UNESCO. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ Atkins, D. E.; Brown, J. S.; Hammond, A. L. (2007). “A review of the open educational resources (OER) movement: Achievements, challenges, and new opportunities” (PDF). Report to The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ “Defining the “Open” in Open Content and Open Educational Resources”. opencontent.org. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Wiley, David; Hilton Iii, John Levi (2018). “Defining OER-Enabled Pedagogy”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 19 (4). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v19i4.3601.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Open Education”. William & Flora Hewlett Foundation. 29 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ Wiley, David; Iii, John Levi Hilton (26 September 2018). “Defining OER-Enabled Pedagogy”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 19 (4). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v19i4.3601. ISSN 1492-3831. S2CID 158674318.
- ^ Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ Baas, Marjon; van der Rijst, Roeland; Huizinga, Tjark; van den Berg, Ellen; Admiraal, Wilfried (1 June 2022). “Would you use them? A qualitative study on teachers’ assessments of open educational resources in higher education”. The Internet and Higher Education. 54: 100857. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2022.100857. hdl:11250/3063763. S2CID 248455635.
- ^ Ovadia, S. (2019). Addressing the Technical Challenges of Open Educational Resources. Libraries and the Academy, 19(1), 79–93.
- ^ Giving Knowledge for Free: THE EMERGENCE OF OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (PDF). Center for Educational Research and Innovation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ “Open Educational Resources (OER)”. CoL.org. Commonwealth of Learning. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ “Oer”. WikiEducator.org. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^ “Defining OER”. WikiEducator.org. Open Education Resource Foundation. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ Essmiller, K, Daniel, J., Reiter, H., Colquhoun, C. (2022, April 26–28). You say tomato, I also say tomato [Conference presentation]. Association for Learning Technology OER22. London, England.
- ^ Camilleri, Anthony F; Ehlers, Ulf; Pawlowski, Jan (2014), State of the Art Review of Quality Issues related to Open Educational Resources (OER), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, p. 54, ISBN 9789279379161
- ^ (CERI), Center for Educational Research and Innovation (2007). Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources (PDF). Executive Summary (Policy implications and recommendations): Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). p. 15. ISBN 978-92-64-03174-6.
- ^ (CERI), Center for Educational Research and Innovation (2007). Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources (PDF). Executive Summary (What are open educational resources?): Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). p. 10. ISBN 978-92-64-03174-6.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Hafner, Katie (16 April 2010). “Higher Education Reimagined With Online Courseware”. The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Johnstone, Sally M. (2005). “Open Educational Resources Serve the World”. Educause Quarterly. 28 (3). Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
- ^ “Connect OER – SPARC”. connect.sparcopen.org. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ “Home”. Online Consortium of Oklahoma. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ Perry, Anali M., “Building copyright confidence in instructional designers”, in Coaching Copyright, edited by Kevin L. Smith and Erin L. Ellis (Chicago, ALA Editions, 2020) pp. 121–135.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Miao, Fengchun; Mishra, Sanjaya; McGreal, Rory (2016). Open educational resources: policy, costs, transformation (PDF). Paris, UNESCO. pp. 8, 17, 20–21. ISBN 978-92-3-100158-1.
- ^ “Textbooks by Subject”. Open Textbook Library. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ Bamforth, Emily (9 August 2021). “California colleges set 100% OER goals as textbook publishers go digital”. EdScoop. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ “Saying goodbye to CNX and hello to the next chapter!”. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License
- ^ “Pressbooks Directory”. pressbooks.directory. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ “About the Open Collection | BCcampus”. collection.bccampus.ca. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ “MERLOT Help”. info.merlot.org. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Wiley, David (6 February 2006). “Expert Meeting on Open Educational Resources” (PDF). Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ “FOSS solutions for OER – summary report”. Unesco. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ^ Hylén, Jan (2007). Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264032125-en. ISBN 9789264031746. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ Grossman, Lev (18 July 1998). “New Free License to Cover Content Online”. Netly News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2000. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^ Wiley, David (1998). “Open Content”. OpenContent.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 1999. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- ^ “Throw Away your School Books: Here Comes Textbook 2.0,” CNN.com, 8 November 2007
- ^ Jump up to:a b Guttenplan, D. D. (1 November 2010). “For Exposure, Universities Put Courses on the Web”. The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses, Creative Commons, 16 December 2002
- ^ “HippoCampus”. www.nroc.org. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ “EdReady”. www.nroc.org. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ Goldberg, Chana (20 January 2015). “Open Source Textbooks [INFOGRAPHIC]”. Online Education Blog of Touro University. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ Ticoll, David (4 September 2003). “MIT initiative could revolutionize learning”. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 20 September 2003. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ “Sofia”. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 23 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ “Open Educational Resources”. CERI. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ^ Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 2007. doi:10.1787/9789264032125-en. ISBN 9789264031746. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ “CERI – Open Educational Resources: Meetings and Conferences – OECD”. www.oecd.org. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ Deacon, Andrew; Catherine Wynsculley (2009). “Educators and the Cape Town Open Learning Declaration: Rhetorically reducing distance”. International Journal of Education and Development Using ICT. 5 (5). Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^ “The Cape Town Open Education Declaration”. Cape Town Declaration. 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^ Bringing open resources to textbooks and teaching, J. Wales, R. Baraniuk, San Francisco Chronicle, 22 January 2008.
- ^ “2nd World OER Congress – Ljubljana – 18–20 September 2017”. www.oercongress.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ “Ljubljana OER Action Plan” (PDF). 2nd World OER Congress. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Guggenheim Museum. “Joseph Beuys”. Guggenheim Museum. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ Biro, Matthew (Winter 1995). “The Arts of Joseph Beuys”. The Journal of the International Institute. 2 (2). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Open Chemistry Education Resources: Advantages and Disadvantages”. Board of Regions of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ Pownall, Madeleine; Azevedo, Flavio; Aldoh, Alaa; Elsherif, Mahmoud; Vasilev, Martin; Pennington, Charlotte R.; Robertson, Olly; Tromp, Myrthe Vel; Liu, Meng; Makel, Matthew C.; Tonge, Natasha (23 December 2021). “Embedding open and reproducible science into teaching: A bank of lesson plans and resources”. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. 10 (3): 342–349. doi:10.1037/stl0000307. ISSN 2332-211X. S2CID 245461174.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Azevedo, Flávio; Liu, Meng; Pennington, Charlotte R.; Pownall, Madeleine; Evans, Thomas Rhys; Parsons, Sam; Elsherif, Mahmoud Medhat; Micheli, Leticia; Westwood, Samuel J.; Framework for Open, Reproducible Research Training (FORRT) (22 February 2022). “Towards a culture of open scholarship: the role of pedagogical communities”. BMC Research Notes. 15 (1): 75. doi:10.1186/s13104-022-05944-1. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 8862562. PMID 35193662.
- ^ “Copyright and Creative Commons are friends”. Creative Commons. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ Atkins, Daniel E.; John Seely Brown; Allen L. Hammond (February 2007). A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities (PDF). Menlo Park, CA: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ Hylén, Jan (2007). Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. p. 30. doi:10.1787/9789264032125-en. ISBN 9789264031746. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ “Enrol vs. enroll – Correct Spelling – Grammarist”. Grammarist. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ edX. “Mooc.org”.
- ^ Bozkurt, Aras; Koseoglu, Suzan; Singh, Lenandlar (2019). “An analysis of peer reviewed publications on openness in education in half a century: Trends and patterns in the open hemisphere”. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 35 (4): 78–97. doi:10.14742/ajet.4252.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “The COUP Framework – Open Education Group”. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
- ^ Bossu, C., Pete, J., Prinsloo, P., & Agbu, J. F. (2019). How to tame a dragon: Scoping diversity, inclusion and equity in the context of an OER project.
- ^ Hilton, John (June 2020). “Open educational resources, student efficacy, and user perceptions: a synthesis of research published between 2015 and 2018”. Educational Technology Research and Development. 68 (3): 853–876. doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09700-4. ISSN 1042-1629.
- ^ Hilton, John (2016). “Open educational resources and college textbook choices: A review of research on efficacy and perceptions”. Educational Technology Research and Development. 64 (4): 573–590. doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9434-9.
- ^ Fischer, Lane; Hilton, John; Robinson, T. Jared; Wiley, David A. (2015). “A multi-institutional study of the impact of open textbook adoption on the learning outcomes of post-secondary students”. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. 27 (3): 159–172. doi:10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x. PMC 7115070. PMID 32269452.
- ^ Lovett, Marsha; Meyer, Oded; Thille, Candace (30 November 2007). “The Open Learning Initiative: Measuring the Effectiveness of the OLI Statistics Course in Accelerating Student Learning”. Journal of Interactive Media in Education.
- ^ Petrides, Lisa; Jimes, Cynthia; Middleton-Detzner, Clare; Walling, Julie; Weiss, Shenandoah (2011). “Open textbook adoption and use: Implications for teachers and learners”. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. 26: 39–49. doi:10.1080/02680513.2011.538563. S2CID 60479456.
- ^ Allen, I. Elaine; Seaman, Jeff (30 September 2014). Opening the Curriculum: Open Educational Resources in U.S. Higher Education, 2014. Babson Survey Research.
- ^ Bliss, TJ; Hilton Iii, John; Wiley, David; Thanos, Kim (2013). “The cost and quality of online open textbooks: Perceptions of community college faculty and students”. First Monday. 18. doi:10.5210/fm.v18i1.3972.
- ^ Panda, Santosh; Santosh, Sujata (2017). “Faculty Perception of Openness and Attitude to Open Sharing at the Indian National Open University”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 18 (7). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v18i7.2942.
- ^ Afolabi, Folashade (29 November 2017). “View of First Year Learning Experiences of University Undergraduates in the Use of Open Educational Resources in Online Learning”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 18 (7). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v18i7.3167. S2CID 64335221.
- ^ Petiška, Eduard (2018). “Spíše Wikipedie než učebnice: Vzorce využívání otevřených vzdělávacích zdrojů studenty environmentálních oborů”. Envigogika. 13 (2). doi:10.14712/18023061.569.
- ^ Petiška, Eduard (10 December 2018). “Spíše Wikipedie než učebnice: Vzorce využívání otevřených vzdělávacích zdrojů studenty environmentálních oborů”. Envigogika (in Czech). 13 (2). doi:10.14712/18023061.569. ISSN 1802-3061.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “OER Research Fellowships – Open Education Group”. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ “GO-GN Global OER Graduate Network”.
- ^ Rathna
- ^ Weller, Martin (2013). “The Battle for Open – a perspective”. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 2013 (3): 15. doi:10.5334/2013-15.
- ^ OPAL Report 2011. Beyond OER uni-duisburg-essen.de
- ^ “Journals@UIC”. journals.uic.edu. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ “OER Case Studies/United States – Creative Commons”. wiki.creativecommons.org. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Wiley, David; Iii, John Levi Hilton; Ellington, Shelley; Hall, Tiffany (1 June 2012). “A preliminary examination of the cost savings and learning impacts of using open textbooks in middle and high school science classes”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 13 (3): 262–276. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v13i3.1153. Retrieved 2 July 2023 – via www.irrodl.org.
- ^ “OpenStax | Free Textbooks Online with No Catch”. openstax.org. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Wiley, D. A., Hilton III, J. L., Ellington, S., & Hall, T. (2012). A preliminary examination of the cost savings and learning impacts of using open textbooks in middle and high school science classes. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning (IRRODL)
- ^ Gallegos, Emma. “Panel discusses how to reduce the dizzying cost of textbooks for California college students”. EdSource. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ “Butcher, N., & Hoosen, S. (2012). Exploring the business case for Open Educational Resources. Vancouver: Commonwealth of Learning”. Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Swain, Harriet (10 November 2009). “Any student, any subject, anywhere”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ “Open educational resources programme – phase 2”. JISC. 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ “Open educational resources programme – phase 1”. JISC. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ L., McGill; I., Falconer; A., Littlejohn; H., Beetham (1 February 2013). “JISC/HE Academy OER Programme: Phase 3 Synthesis and Evaluation Report”. oro.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ Cronin, Catherine (15 August 2017). “Openness and Praxis: Exploring the Use of Open Educational Practices in Higher Education”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 18 (5). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3096. hdl:10379/6394. ISSN 1492-3831.
- ^ “Open Educational Resources infoKit / Open Educational Resources Programme”. openeducationalresources.pbworks.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ “Open educational resources (OERs) | Jisc”. Jisc. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ “Initiative Background”. Taking OER beyond the OER Community. 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ Saxton, Jim (9 December 2013). “Red Flag Way: Exploring copyright protection, TRIPS and Open Source software licensing in the People’s Republic of China”. International Free and Open Source Software Law Review. 5 (2): 55–78. doi:10.5033/ifosslr.v5i2.80. ISSN 1877-6922.
- ^ “The New Dynamics of Higher Education and Research for Societal Change and Development: Communiqué” (PDF). UNESCO. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2009.
- ^ “UNESCO Paris OER Declaration 2012” (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
- ^ Santiago, A., & Ray, L. (2020). Navigating support models for OER publishing: case studies from the University of Houston and the University of Washington. Reference Services Review.
- ^ Manowaluilou, N. (2020).Development of open educational resources for supporting academic English in higher education, Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 41(2020), 238-243.
- ^ Essmiller, Kathy (5 July 2022). “Open OKState Fellows”. OSU Edmon Low Library & Branch Libraries.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Free Textbooks From Rice OpenStax: Too Good to Be True?”. PCMAG. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ Attwood, Rebecca (24 September 2009). “Get it out in the open”. Times Higher Education. London. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
- ^ “Introducing OER Africa”. South African Institute for Distance Education. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013.
- ^ Schuwer, Robert; Kreijns, Karel; Vermeulen, Marjan (23 April 2014). “Wikiwijs: An unexpected journey and the lessons learned towards OER | Schuwer”. Open Praxis. 6 (2): 91–102. doi:10.5944/openpraxis.6.2.116.
- ^ @Jisc (14 March 2013). “Open education”. Jisc. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ “Open educational resources programme – phase 2”. Jisc. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ “Curriki Appoints Kim Jones as New Executive Director to Oversee Next Phase of Growth”. Curriki Library. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ “What is WikiEducator? (October 2006)”. COL. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ “The Purpose of Learning for Content – outcomes and results”. Wikieducator. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ “OLCOS Roadmap 2012” (PDF). 1 January 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ^ Geser, Guntram (21 April 2007). “Open Educational Practices and Resources: The OLCOS Roadmap 2012”. RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal. 4 (1). doi:10.7238/rusc.v4i1.295. ISSN 1698-580X.
- ^ “About.”“Writing Commons”. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ Anders, Abram (9 November 2012). “Experimenting with MOOCs: Network-based Communities of Practice.”. Great Plains Alliance for Computers and Writing Conference. Mankato, MN. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ “About.”“Cultivating Change Community”. CC BY-NC 3.0. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ “WikiEducator”. WikiEducator. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ Thibault, Joseph. “241 OER Courses with Assessments in Moodle: How Saylor.org has created one of the largest Free and Open Course Initiatives on the web”. lmspulse.com. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ “Saylor Foundation to Launch Multi-Million Dollar Open Textbook Challenge! | College Open Textbooks Blog”. Collegeopentextbooks.org. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ^ “Aims and Objectives | DELILA Project Blog”. Delilaopen.wordpress.com. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ Anderson, L. (2011). “DELILA – Embedding Digital and Information Literacy OERs into the PG Cert”. Journal of Information Literacy. 5 (1): 95–98. doi:10.11645/5.1.1611.
- ^ “OER@AVU – Open Educational Resources by the African Virtual University”. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ “Community college to offer textbook-free degree”. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ “Open Educational Resources at Northern Virginia Community College”. 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ “Digitale læremidler i videregående opplæring – Oppfølging av Revidert Nasjonalbudsjett for 2006”. Regjeringen.no. 19 June 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ “Lov om grunnskolen og den vidaregåande opplæringa (opplæringslova) – Lovdata”. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “The reinvention of Neeru Khosla”. Silicon Valley Business Journal. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Ochôa, X.; Silveira, I. F.; Sprock, A. Silva (2011). “Collaborative open textbooks for Latin America – the LATIn project”. International Conference on Information Society (I-Society 2011). pp. 398–403. doi:10.1109/i-Society18435.2011.5978479. ISBN 978-1-61284-148-9. S2CID 5244088.
- ^ Ostrowski, Felix (23 March 2015). “Platform progress report”. OER World Map Blog. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ Pohl, Adrian (22 March 2022). “Goodbye, world!”. OER World Map Blog. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
- ^ “Open Educational Resources and Creative Commons”. Eliademy Blog. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ Kimmons, R. “Introduction to open education in K-12”. Open Courses. University of Idaho Doceo Center. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Kimmons, R. “Open Textbook Crash Course”. Open Courses. University of Idaho Doceo Center. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Kimmons, R (2014). “Developing open education literacies with practicing K-12 teachers”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 15 (6). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v15i6.1964. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ “Leading Teaching Learning OnlineToolkit”. www.merlot.org. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ “Open Access”. Oxford Academic. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ “Maryland Open Source Textbook (M.O.S.T.) Commons”. M.O.S.T. Commons. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ “North Dakota Bill Actions: HB 1003”. www.legis.nd.gov. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ “North Dakota University System | Open Educational Resources”. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ “Home”. Affordability Counts. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ “Resources”. openoregon.org. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Mulder, Jorrit (2008). Knowledge Dissemination in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Role for Open Educational Resources (OER)? (PDF) (Masters thesis). University of Amsterdam. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
- ^ “Open Course Library Survey Results” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ “JOCW | 日本オープンコースウェアコンソーシアム”. jocw.jp. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015.
- ^ “Free Curricula Centre”. New World University. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ “প্রিয়.কম”. Priyo.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ [1] [dead link]
- ^ “Textbooks to go digital by 2015”. Koreatimes.co.kr. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ “Free Digital Textbook Initiative”. www.clrn.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ significant negative reaction
- ^ “The Shuttleworth Foundation Home”. Shuttleworthfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ “مشروع تطوير مناهج الرياضيات والعلوم الطبيعية”. www.msd-ord.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ “Arab League, U.S. Launch Open Book Project | IIP Digital”. iipdigital.usembassy.gov. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ Mello, Jonathas. “Global OER Logo” (PDF). UNESCO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ “Open Education Conference — OpenEd 2009: Crossing the Chasm”. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009.
- ^ “OER19”.
- ^ “OE Global Conference 2021”. OE Global Conference 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ “Global Summit 2015”. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015.
- ^ “UNESCO and COL promote wider use of OERs”. International Council for Open and Distance Education. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ Mulder, Jorrit (2008). Knowledge Dissemination in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Role for Open Educational Resources (OER)? (PDF) (Masters thesis). University of Amsterdam. pp. 58–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ “OER: Articles, Books, Presentations and Seminars”. ROER4D. African Minds. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ “OER: Articles, Books, Presentations and Seminars”. EduCause.edu. Educause. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ Rivard, Ry. “Coursera begins to make money”. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Carey, Kevin (25 March 2013). “The Brave New World of College Branding”. Chronicle.com. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Downes, Stephen. “The Role of Open Educational Resources in Personal Learning”. VI International Seminar of the UNESCO chair in e-Learning. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Retrieved 17 June 2013.