Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

By IT ADMIN Consultancy Services

Russian GOST R Product Certifications for Exporting to Russia

GOST R certification is a critical requirement for businesses aiming to export products to Russia. This certification ensures that products comply with the safety, quality, and environmental standards set by the Russian government. Below is a comprehensive guide on GOST R certification and its implications for exporters.

1. Overview of GOST R Certification

  • GOST R stands for “Gosudarstvennyy Standart Rossii”, which translates to State Standard of Russia. It is a certification mark used to indicate that a product meets specific Russian standards and regulations.
  • Purpose: The primary goal of GOST R certification is to ensure consumer safety and product quality within the Russian market.

2. Scope of GOST R Certification

GOST R certification applies to a wide range of products, including but not limited to:

  • Electronics: Household appliances, industrial equipment, and telecommunications devices.
  • Construction Materials: Cement, bricks, insulation materials, etc.
  • Food and Beverages: Processed foods, agricultural products, and alcoholic beverages.
  • Medical Devices: Equipment used in healthcare settings.
  • Textiles and Apparel: Clothing, footwear, and home textiles.
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety gear for various industries.

3. Certification Process

The GOST R certification process generally involves several steps:

  1. Product Assessment: Identify the applicable GOST R standards for your product category.
  2. Documentation Preparation: Collect necessary documentation, which may include:
    • Application form
    • Technical specifications
    • Quality assurance certificates (if applicable)
    • Test reports from accredited laboratories.
  3. Selection of Certification Body: Choose an accredited certification body authorized by Rosstandart to perform the certification.
  4. Product Testing: The product may need to undergo testing at accredited laboratories to verify compliance with relevant standards.
  5. Issuance of Certification: Once testing is complete and the product meets the standards, the certification body issues a GOST R certificate.
  6. Product Marking: After obtaining certification, products must display the GOST R mark, indicating compliance.

4. Importance of GOST R Certification

  • Market Access: GOST R certification is mandatory for all products sold in Russia, making it essential for market entry.
  • Consumer Confidence: Certification assures consumers that the product is safe and reliable.
  • Legal Compliance: It helps exporters comply with Russian regulations, minimizing the risk of fines or product recalls.

5. Challenges Faced by Exporters

  • Regulatory Complexity: The certification process can be intricate, with numerous standards to navigate.
  • Time Consumption: Obtaining certification can take weeks to months, potentially delaying product launches.
  • Cost Implications: The cost of testing and certification can be substantial, especially for small businesses.

6. Best Practices for Exporters

  • Early Preparation: Start the certification process early to avoid delays.
  • Engage Local Expertise: Consider hiring local consultants who understand the GOST R certification process.
  • Continuous Compliance Monitoring: Stay updated on changes to GOST R standards and regulations to ensure ongoing compliance.

Conclusion

GOST R certification is vital for any business looking to export products to Russia. By adhering to GOST R standards, exporters can ensure their products are safe and compliant, paving the way for successful market entry and building consumer trust. Understanding the certification process and its requirements is crucial for effective navigation of the Russian market.

If you have specific questions about the GOST R certification process or need further details, feel free to ask!

What is required Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

To obtain Russian GOST R Product Certification for exporting products to Russia, several requirements must be met. Here’s a detailed overview of what is required:

Requirements for GOST R Product Certification

1. Determine Applicable Standards

  • Identify the specific GOST R standards that apply to the product category. Different products have different standards, and it’s crucial to ascertain which standards are relevant to your product.

2. Documentation Preparation

Exporters need to prepare and submit a comprehensive set of documents, including:

  • Application Form: Completed application to the certification body.
  • Technical Specifications: Detailed descriptions of the product, including its intended use, components, and manufacturing processes.
  • Quality Management Documentation: Quality assurance certificates (if any) or details of the quality management system in place (e.g., ISO 9001).
  • Test Reports: If applicable, test reports from accredited laboratories that demonstrate compliance with GOST R standards.
  • Product Samples: In some cases, product samples may be required for testing.

3. Choose a Certification Body

  • Select an accredited certification body that is recognized by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart). This organization is responsible for overseeing the certification process.

4. Product Testing and Evaluation

  • Initial Assessment: The certification body will conduct a preliminary assessment to review the documentation submitted.
  • Laboratory Testing: If required, the product may need to undergo laboratory testing to verify compliance with GOST R standards. The testing can include safety, performance, and environmental assessments.

5. Compliance with Technical Regulations

  • Ensure that the product complies with any specific technical regulations that apply to the product category in Russia. This may involve adherence to safety, environmental, and health standards.

6. Issuance of GOST R Certificate

  • After successful assessment and testing, the certification body will issue a GOST R certificate, confirming that the product meets the required standards.

7. Product Marking

  • After obtaining the certificate, products must bear the GOST R mark, indicating that they are certified and compliant with Russian standards.

Additional Considerations

  • Legal Representation: For foreign companies, appointing a local representative in Russia can facilitate the certification process.
  • Fees and Costs: Be prepared to cover fees associated with certification, testing, and the services of the certification body.
  • Validity Period: GOST R certificates usually have a validity period (often three years), after which re-certification may be necessary.

Conclusion

Obtaining GOST R Product Certification is a vital step for exporters looking to enter the Russian market. By meeting these requirements, businesses can ensure their products are safe, compliant, and ready for distribution in Russia. If you need assistance or have specific questions about the certification process, feel free to ask!

Who is required Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

Russian GOST R Product Certification is required for a wide range of stakeholders involved in the manufacturing, exporting, and distribution of products intended for the Russian market. Here’s a breakdown of who is required to obtain this certification:

1. Manufacturers

  • Domestic Manufacturers: Companies that produce goods within Russia must obtain GOST R certification for their products to ensure compliance with local standards.
  • Foreign Manufacturers: Companies manufacturing products outside of Russia and planning to export them to Russia are required to secure GOST R certification to demonstrate that their products meet Russian safety and quality standards.

2. Exporters

  • Exporting Companies: Businesses that export goods to Russia, regardless of whether they manufacture the products themselves, need to ensure that the products are certified according to GOST R standards.
  • Intermediaries and Distributors: Companies involved in the distribution or sale of products in Russia must verify that these products are certified to avoid legal issues and ensure market acceptance.

3. Importers

  • Local Importers: Importers bringing products into Russia must ensure that all imported goods are GOST R certified, as customs authorities will require proof of compliance before allowing goods to enter the country.

4. Retailers

  • Retail Businesses: Retailers selling products in Russia are responsible for ensuring that the products they offer to consumers have the necessary GOST R certification.

5. Regulatory Bodies and Organizations

  • Certification Bodies: Organizations accredited to perform GOST R certification play a key role in evaluating and certifying products to ensure they meet the required standards.
  • Government Agencies: Various governmental agencies, including the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart), oversee the GOST R certification process and enforce compliance.

Conclusion

In summary, any entity involved in the manufacturing, exporting, importing, or selling of products in the Russian market is required to obtain GOST R Product Certification. This ensures that products are safe, compliant, and trustworthy, ultimately protecting consumers and fostering fair competition in the marketplace. If you have further questions or need specific details about the certification process, feel free to ask!

When is required Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

Russian GOST R Product Certification is required when exporting products to Russia under the following circumstances:

1. Mandatory Certification

  • Specific Products: Certain product categories are mandated by Russian law to undergo GOST R certification before they can be sold in the Russian market. These typically include:
    • Electrical and electronic equipment
    • Machinery and mechanical appliances
    • Construction materials
    • Food products
    • Medical devices
    • Personal protective equipment (PPE)
    • Toys and children’s products

2. Market Entry

  • Before Exporting: GOST R certification must be obtained prior to exporting goods to Russia. Without certification, products may be denied entry at customs, leading to potential financial losses and delays.

3. Compliance with Regulations

  • Regulatory Requirements: If the product must comply with specific technical regulations set by the Russian government, certification is essential to ensure compliance and avoid legal issues.

4. Product Changes

  • Modifications or New Models: If a product undergoes significant changes or if a new model is introduced, GOST R certification may be required again to validate compliance with current standards.

5. Expiry of Existing Certification

  • Renewal: GOST R certifications have a validity period (typically three years). When the certification expires, it must be renewed before the product can continue to be sold in Russia.

6. Quality Assurance

  • Enhancing Marketability: Even if not legally required, obtaining GOST R certification can enhance a product’s marketability and build consumer confidence in safety and quality.

Conclusion

In summary, GOST R Product Certification is required when exporting specific products to Russia, ensuring they meet safety and quality standards. Businesses must prioritize obtaining certification before market entry, especially for products categorized as mandatory under Russian regulations. If you need more detailed information or assistance regarding the certification process, feel free to ask!

Where is required Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

Russian GOST R Product Certification is required for products intended for the Russian market. Here’s an overview of where certification is applicable:

1. Customs Clearance

  • Entry Points: GOST R certification is required at all points of entry into Russia, including seaports, airports, and land borders. Customs authorities will request proof of certification to clear products for import.

2. Distribution Channels

  • Wholesalers and Distributors: Businesses engaged in the wholesale and distribution of products within Russia must ensure that all products comply with GOST R certification standards before they can be distributed to retailers or end consumers.

3. Retail Environments

  • Retail Stores: Retailers selling products to consumers in Russia are responsible for verifying that their products are GOST R certified. Products without certification cannot be legally sold in the market.

4. Manufacturing Facilities

  • Local Manufacturing: If a company manufactures goods within Russia, obtaining GOST R certification for those products is mandatory before they can be marketed or sold.

5. Trade Fairs and Exhibitions

  • Participation in Events: Companies participating in trade fairs and exhibitions in Russia may be required to demonstrate compliance with GOST R certification for their products to showcase them legally.

6. E-commerce Platforms

  • Online Sales: E-commerce businesses that sell products online in Russia must ensure that their products meet GOST R certification requirements. Compliance is necessary for both domestic and international sellers operating in the Russian market.

7. Government Agencies

  • Regulatory Oversight: Various Russian government agencies, including the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart), are involved in enforcing GOST R certification requirements and standards across different sectors.

Conclusion

In summary, GOST R Product Certification is required across various stages and locations within the Russian market, including customs clearance, distribution channels, retail environments, and manufacturing facilities. Ensuring compliance is essential for legal entry and sale of products in Russia. If you have any further questions or need specific guidance related to certification, feel free to ask!

How is required Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

To obtain Russian GOST R Product Certification for exporting products to Russia, a structured process must be followed. Here’s a detailed overview of how the certification is obtained:

Steps to Obtain GOST R Product Certification

1. Determine Applicable Standards

  • Identify the specific GOST R standards that apply to your product category. Each type of product has its own set of standards, which outline the requirements for safety, quality, and performance.

2. Prepare Documentation

Prepare and submit the following documents to the certification body:

  • Application Form: A completed application specifying the product and its details.
  • Technical Specifications: Documentation detailing the product’s design, materials, and intended use.
  • Quality Management System Documentation: Evidence of a quality management system in place (e.g., ISO 9001 certification).
  • Test Reports: If applicable, provide test reports from accredited laboratories confirming compliance with GOST R standards.
  • Product Samples: In some cases, samples of the product may be required for testing.

3. Select a Certification Body

  • Choose an accredited certification body recognized by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart). Ensure the body specializes in your product category for efficient processing.

4. Initial Assessment and Review

  • The certification body will conduct an initial review of the submitted documents to ensure they are complete and in compliance with GOST R standards.

5. Laboratory Testing

  • Testing: If required, the product will undergo laboratory testing to verify that it meets the relevant GOST R standards. This can include safety, performance, and environmental testing.
  • Evaluation of Results: The certification body evaluates the test results to determine if the product complies with the applicable standards.

6. Issuance of GOST R Certificate

  • Upon successful evaluation and testing, the certification body will issue a GOST R certificate. This document serves as proof that the product meets the required standards for sale in Russia.

7. Product Marking

  • After obtaining the certificate, products must be marked with the GOST R symbol to indicate compliance. This marking is necessary for legal sale in the Russian market.

8. Monitoring and Surveillance

  • Some certification bodies may conduct periodic surveillance audits to ensure continued compliance with GOST R standards. Manufacturers should be prepared for these checks.

Additional Considerations

  • Legal Representation: For foreign manufacturers, it may be beneficial to have a local representative or agent in Russia to facilitate communication and compliance with certification requirements.
  • Fees and Costs: Be aware of the costs associated with the certification process, including application fees, testing fees, and costs for any necessary modifications to the product.
  • Renewal and Validity: GOST R certificates typically have a validity period (usually three years). After this period, renewal or re-certification may be necessary.

Conclusion

Obtaining GOST R Product Certification involves a detailed process to ensure that products meet Russian standards for safety and quality. By following the steps outlined above, exporters can navigate the certification process successfully. If you have any specific questions or need further assistance regarding GOST R certification, feel free to ask!

Case Study on Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

Case Study: Russian GOST R Product Certifications for Export

Background

Company Profile:
Name: TechGadgets Ltd.
Industry: Consumer Electronics
Location: Germany
Products: Smart home devices, including smart plugs, security cameras, and smart lighting systems.

Objective:
TechGadgets Ltd. aims to enter the Russian market with its range of smart home devices. To do so, the company needs to obtain GOST R Product Certifications to comply with Russian regulations and ensure that their products are safe and meet local standards.

Challenges

  1. Understanding Certification Requirements:
    TechGadgets faced difficulties in understanding the specific GOST R standards applicable to their product categories, which varied significantly between electronics, safety standards, and environmental regulations.
  2. Documentation Preparation:
    The company needed to prepare comprehensive documentation, including technical specifications, quality management systems, and test reports from accredited laboratories, all of which required significant resources and expertise.
  3. Local Regulations and Language Barrier:
    Navigating local regulations and communication with Russian certification bodies presented a challenge due to language differences and unfamiliarity with the Russian legal environment.
  4. Time Constraints:
    Tech Gadgets aimed to launch their products during the holiday season but faced tight timelines for obtaining the necessary certifications.

Solution

  1. Engagement with Local Experts:
    hired a local consulting firm specializing in regulatory compliance in Russia. This firm helped identify the applicable GOST R standards for their products and guided them through the certification process.
  2. Selection of an Accredited Certification Body:
    The consulting firm assisted in selecting an accredited certification body that specialized in consumer electronics. The firm ensured that the chosen body was recognized by Rosstandart and had experience with similar products.
  3. Comprehensive Documentation:
    The company developed detailed technical documentation and product specifications. They also conducted pre-certification tests in accredited European laboratories to prepare initial test reports.
  4. Facilitated Communication:
    The consulting firm acted as an intermediary between and the Russian certification body, translating documents and ensuring clear communication regarding the certification process.
  5. Expedited Testing:
    To meet tight timelines, the consulting firm arranged for priority testing at the laboratory, ensuring that the product samples were tested quickly without compromising quality.

Results

  1. Successful Certification:
    Within three months, Tech Gadgets successfully obtained GOST R certifications for all its smart home devices, including smart plugs, security cameras, and smart lighting systems.
  2. Market Entry:
    The certification allowed Tech Gadgets to launch its products in the Russian market just in time for the holiday season. The products were well-received, leading to strong initial sales.
  3. Improved Brand Image:
    By ensuring compliance with GOST R standards, Tech Gadgets enhanced its brand image in the Russian market as a reliable provider of safe and high-quality smart home devices.
  4. Established Local Partnerships:
    The experience facilitated the establishment of partnerships with local distributors and retailers, enhancing Tech Gadgets’ market presence in Russia.

Conclusion

TechGadgets Ltd.’s case study illustrates the importance of obtaining GOST R Product Certifications for successfully entering the Russian market. By leveraging local expertise and understanding the regulatory landscape, the company effectively navigated the certification process, allowing for timely market entry and contributing to the success of their product launch in Russia. This case highlights the significance of compliance in international trade, particularly in regulated markets like Russia.

If you need more detailed insights or specific aspects of the case study, feel free to ask!

White Paper on Russian GOST R Product Certifications for russia export

Executive Summary

As globalization continues to shape international trade, understanding the regulatory environment is critical for businesses seeking to enter new markets. This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of the Russian GOST R Product Certification, a mandatory requirement for various products intended for the Russian market. It outlines the certification process, its importance, and key considerations for exporters.

1. Introduction

Russia’s vast market offers significant opportunities for foreign exporters, but navigating its regulatory landscape can be challenging. GOST R certifications ensure that products meet established safety and quality standards, thus protecting consumers and promoting fair competition. This white paper aims to elucidate the GOST R certification process and its implications for exporters.

2. Overview of GOST R Certification

2.1 What is GOST R Certification?
GOST R certification is a mandatory certification system in Russia that ensures products meet specific safety, quality, and environmental standards. It is regulated by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart).

2.2 Legal Framework
The GOST R certification system is governed by Russian laws and standards that align with international regulations. Products that require certification must comply with relevant GOST R standards, which vary by product category.

3. Importance of GOST R Certification

3.1 Market Access
Obtaining GOST R certification is essential for legal entry into the Russian market. Without certification, products cannot be imported, sold, or distributed within Russia.

3.2 Consumer Protection
Certification ensures that products meet safety and quality standards, protecting consumers from harmful or substandard goods.

3.3 Competitive Advantage
GOST R certification enhances a company’s reputation and credibility, fostering consumer trust and potentially increasing market share.

4. GOST R Certification Process

4.1 Determining Applicable Standards
Exporters must identify the specific GOST R standards relevant to their products. Each category has distinct requirements based on safety, performance, and environmental considerations.

4.2 Documentation Preparation
A comprehensive set of documents is required, including:

  • Application form
  • Technical specifications
  • Quality management system documentation
  • Test reports from accredited laboratories
  • Product samples (if necessary)

4.3 Selecting a Certification Body
Exporters must engage an accredited certification body recognized by Rosstandart. The choice of a body specializing in the relevant product category can streamline the process.

4.4 Initial Assessment and Testing
The certification body conducts a preliminary review of the documentation and, if necessary, arranges for laboratory testing to verify compliance with applicable standards.

4.5 Issuance of Certificate
Upon successful evaluation and testing, the certification body issues a GOST R certificate, allowing the product to be marketed in Russia.

5. Case Study: TechGadgets Ltd.

Background: TechGadgets Ltd., a consumer electronics manufacturer based in Germany, sought to enter the Russian market with its smart home devices.

Challenges:

  • Navigating GOST R standards
  • Preparing comprehensive documentation
  • Meeting tight timelines for market entry

Solutions:

  • Engaged a local consulting firm for expertise
  • Selected an accredited certification body
  • Conducted pre-certification tests in accredited labs

Results:

  • Successfully obtained GOST R certification within three months
  • Launched products in time for the holiday season, achieving strong initial sales

6. Key Considerations for Exporters

6.1 Local Representation
Establishing a local presence or engaging a representative can facilitate communication with certification bodies and help navigate the regulatory landscape.

6.2 Continuous Compliance
Exporters should be prepared for periodic audits and re-certification to maintain compliance with GOST R standards.

6.3 Cost Management
Understanding the costs associated with the certification process, including fees for testing and documentation, is essential for budgeting and planning.

7. Conclusion

Navigating the Russian GOST R certification process is crucial for successful market entry. By understanding the requirements and leveraging local expertise, exporters can streamline compliance, mitigate risks, and enhance their prospects in the Russian market. This white paper serves as a guide for businesses looking to expand their operations and capitalize on the opportunities within Russia.

8. Recommendations

  • Conduct thorough market research to understand the regulatory environment.
  • Engage local experts and consultants familiar with the GOST R certification process.
  • Plan for potential delays in certification and incorporate them into the overall project timeline.

9. References

  1. Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart)
  2. GOST R Certification Documentation and Guidelines
  3. International Trade Administration: Russia Market Overview
  4. Consulting Firms Specializing in Russian Market Entry and Compliance

This white paper provides a foundational understanding of GOST R certification for exporters looking to enter the Russian market. If you need more detailed information or specific insights, feel free to ask!

  1. Kenton, Will. “Manufacturing”. Investopedia. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  2. ^ Thadani, Akhil; Allen, Gregory C. (May 30, 2023). “Mapping the Semiconductor Supply Chain: The Critical Role of the Indo-Pacific Region”. CSIS.
  3. ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010). “manufacture, n.“. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acres/9780199571123.001.0001 (inactive November 1, 2024). ISBN 978-0199571123.
  4. ^ Srivatsan, T. S.; Manigandan, K.; Sudarshan, T. S. (2018). “Use of Conventional Manufacturing Techniques for Materials”. In Srivatsan, T. S.; Sudarshan, T. S.; Manigandan, K. (eds.). Manufacturing Techniques for Materials: Engineering and Engineered. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 436–437. ISBN 978-1138099265.
  5. ^ Youssef, Helmi A.; El-Hofy, Hassan (2008). Machining Technology: Machine Tools and Operations. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1420043396.
  6. ^ “Human Ancestors Hall: Homo sapiens”. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  7. ^ “Ancient ‘Tool Factory’ Uncovered”. BBC News. May 6, 1999. Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  8. ^ Heinzelin, Jean de; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (April 1999). “Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids”. Science. 284 (5414): 625–629. Bibcode:1999Sci…284..625D. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625. PMID 10213682.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b Burke, Ariane. “Archaeology”. Encyclopedia Americana. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  10. ^ Plummer, Thomas (2004). “Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Suppl 39 (47). Yearbook of Physical Anthropology: 118–64. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20157. PMID 15605391.
  11. ^ Haviland, William A. (2004). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. The Thomson Corporation. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-534-62487-3.
  12. ^ Tóth, Zsuzsanna (2012). “The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume III: The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary”. In Anders, Alexandra; Siklósi, Zsuzsanna (eds.). Bone, Antler, and Tusk tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture. Oxford: BAR International Series 2334.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b c Merson, John (1990). The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-87951-397-9.
  14. ^ Paine, Lincoln (2013). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. New York: Random House, LLC.
  15. ^ Jane C., Waldbaum (1978). From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Paul Aström. pp. 56–58. ISBN 91-85058-79-3. OCLC 1146527679.
  16. ^ Photos, E. (1989). “The Question of Meteoritic versus Smelted Nickel-Rich Iron: Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results”. World Archaeology. 20 (3): 403–421. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980081. JSTOR 124562. S2CID 5908149.
  17. ^ Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575060422.
  18. ^ Potts, D. T. (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. p. 285.
  19. ^ Trzciński, Jerzy; Zaremba, Małgorzata; Rzepka, Sławomir; Welc, Fabian; Szczepański, Tomasz (June 1, 2016). “Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta”. Studia Quaternaria. 33 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1515/squa-2016-0005. ISSN 2300-0384. S2CID 132452242.
  20. ^ “Timeline: 8th century”. 8th century. ISBN 978-0191735516. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  21. ^ de Safita, Neathery (July 2002). “A Brief History Of Paper”. St. Louis Community College. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  22. ^ Marchetti, Cesare (1978). “A Postmortem Technology Assessment of the Spinning Wheel: The Last 1000 Years, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 13; pp. 91–93” (PDF). Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  23. ^ Rosen, William (2012). The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention. University Of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-72634-2.
  24. ^ “Industrial History of European Countries”. European Route of Industrial Heritage. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  25. ^ Jump up to:a b c Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-09418-4.
  26. ^ Gupta, Bishnupriya. “Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850” (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  27. ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1951). The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860. Rinehart. ISBN 978-0-87332-101-3.
  28. ^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). English and American Tool Builders. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. LCCN 16011753. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (LCCN 27-24075); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7)
  29. ^ Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 18.
  30. ^ Nye, David E. (1990). Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States and London, England: The MIT Press.
  31. ^ Thomson, Ross (1989). The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1867-1.
  32. ^ Jump up to:a b c Hounshell, David A. (1984). From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8. LCCN 83016269. OCLC 1104810110.
  33. ^ Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
  34. ^ Jerome, Harry (1934). Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research. p. xxviii.
  35. ^ Nye, David E. (1990). Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: MIT Press. pp. 14, 15.
  36. ^ Hounshell 1984, p. 288
  37. ^ Ohno, Taiichi (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-915299-14-0.
  38. ^ Shingō, Shigeo (1985). A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System. ISBN 0-915299-03-8. OCLC 12255263. Archived from the original on January 14, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  39. ^ “Site of BMC/Leyland Australia Manufacturing Plant: Nomination as an Historic Engineering Marker” (PDF). The Institution of Engineers, Australia. September 30, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  40. ^ Ashburn, A. (July 1977). “Toyota’s “famous Ohno system””. American Machinist: 120–123.
  41. ^ Sugimori, Y.; Kusunoki, K.; Cho, F.; Uchikawa, S. (1977). “Toyota Production System and Kanban System: Materialization of Just-in-time and Respect-for-human System”. International Journal of Production Research. 15 (6): 553–564. doi:10.1080/00207547708943149. ISSN 0020-7543.
  42. ^ “The Founding of the Association for Manufacturing Excellence: Summarized at a Meeting of its Founders, February 2, 2001” (PDF). Target. 17 (3). Association for Manufacturing Excellence: 23–24. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  43. ^ Hayes, R. H., Wheelwright, S. C. and Clark, K. B. (1988), Dynamic Manufacturing, New York: The Free Press, quoted in Wassenhove, L. van and Corbett, C. J., “Trade-Offs? What Trade Offs? (A Short Essay on Manufacturing Strategy“, p. 1, INSEAD, published April 6, 1991, accessed September 27, 2023
  44. ^ R. Sarmiento, G. Whelan, M. Thürer and F. A. Bribiescas-Silva, “Fifty Years of the Strategic Trade-Offs Model: In Memory and Honor of Wickham Skinner”, in IEEE Engineering Management Review, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 92–96, 1 Second Quarter, June 2019, doi:10.1109/EMR.2019.2915978, accessed August 22, 2023
  45. ^ Skinner, W., “Focused Factory“, Harvard Business Review, published May 1, 1974.
  46. ^ Jump up to:a b Wassenhove, L. van and Corbett, C. J., “Trade-Offs? What Trade Offs? (A Short Essay on Manufacturing Strategy“, p. 2, INSEAD, published April 6, 1991, accessed September 27, 2023
  47. ^ Haas, E. A., “Breakthrough Manaufacturing”, Harvard Business Review, March/April 1987, pp. 75–81
  48. ^ Skinner, W., “Missing the Links in Manufacturing Strategy” in Voss, C. A. (ed) (1992), Manufacturing Strategy – Process and Content, Chapman and Hall, pp. 12–25
  49. ^ Hill, T., Manufacturing Strategy: Developments in Approach and Analytics, University of Warwick, 1990, accessed 28 September 2023
  50. ^ Hill, T. (1993), Manufacturing Strategy, second edition, Macmillan, chapter 2
  51. ^ Di Stefano, Cristina; Fratocchi, Luciano; Martínez-Mora, Carmen; Merino, Fernando (August 2, 2023). “Manufacturing reshoring and sustainable development goals: A home versus host country perspective”. Sustainable Development. 32: 863–875. doi:10.1002/sd.2710. hdl:10045/136803.
  52. ^ Young, Julie. “Unit Cost Definition”. investopedia.com. Investopedia. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  53. ^ Spence, Michael (1984). “Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance”. Econometrica. 52 (1). Econometrica – Journal of the Economic Society, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan. 1984): 101–121. doi:10.2307/1911463. JSTOR 1911463. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  54. ^ “PPC-R01.2N-N-V2-FW | PPC Controllers | Indramat Controls | Indramat USA”. indramat-usa.com. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  55. ^ “Manufacturing Program”. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. February 11, 2019. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  56. ^ “National Occupational Research Agenda for Manufacturing”. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. February 4, 2019. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  57. ^ Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance (2nd ed.). Manchester: Industrial Systems Research. 2002. ISBN 0-906321-25-5. OCLC 49552466.
  58. ^ Research, Industrial Systems (2002). Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance. Industrial Systems Research. ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  59. ^ David Bailey; Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009). “GE’s Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal”. Reuters. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  60. ^ “Why Does Manufacturing Matter? Which Manufacturing Matters?”. February 2012. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012.
  61. ^ Martin Crutsinger (2007). “Factory Jobs: 3 Million Lost Since 2000”. USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  62. ^ “UNIDO Statistics Data Portal”. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  63. ^ “Leading Manufacturing Nations”. July 15, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  64. ^ “UNIDO’s Competitive Industrial Performance Index 2020: Country Profiles”. unido.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  65. ^ “Competitive Industrial Performance Index 2020: Country Profiles ( Report)”. stat.unido.org. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  66. ^ “2022 United States Manufacturing Facts”. NAM. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  67. ^ “All Employees, Manufacturing/All Employees, Total Nonfarm*100 | FRED | St. Louis Fed”. fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  68. ^ “Employment in manufacturing in January 2023: +1.5% year on year”. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  69. ^ “Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$)”. World Bank. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  70. Marcos Antonio Mendoza, “Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions”, 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, (2014) https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253
  71. ^ Levi-Faur, David, Regulation and Regulatory Governance, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation and Governance, No. 1, 2010
  72. ^ Orbach, Barak, What Is Regulation? 30 Yale Journal on Regulation Online 1 (2012)
  73. ^ Sim, Michael (2018). “Limited Liability and the Known Unknown”. Duke Law Journal. 68: 275–332. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3121519. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 44186028 – via SSRN.
  74. ^ Schwarcz, Steven L. (2011). “Keynote & Chapman Dialogue Address: Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Financial Regulation”. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1748007. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 154354509.
  75. ^ Hosoe, Moriki (2020), “Ex-ante Regulation, Ex-post Regulation, and Collusion”, Applied Economic Analysis of Information and Risk, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 49–66, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3300-6_4, ISBN 978-981-15-3299-3, S2CID 216306756, retrieved 2020-11-03
  76. ^ Shavell, Steven (October 1983). “Liability for Harm Versus Regulation of Safety”. Cambridge, MA. doi:10.3386/w1218.
  77. ^ Eraldo Banovac. Monitoringgrundlagen der kroatischen Regulierungsbehörde für Energie. EW − das Magazin für die Energie Wirtschaft, Vol. 103, No. 1–2, 2004, pp. 14–16.
  78. ^ Anders Kjellberg (2017) “Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations” In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.) Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357-383
  79. ^ “Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance”. World Bank Group.
  80. ^ “Introductory Handbook for Undertaking Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)” (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on Aug 4, 2023, retrieved 4/11/23.
  81. ^ Sigman, Rachel, and Staffan I. Lindberg. “Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa’s political regimes”. V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).
  82. ^ “QuantGov”. quantgov.org. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  83. ^ “Code of Federal Regulations, Total Pages 1938 – 1949, and total volumes and pages 1950 – 2021, Federal Register” (PDF).
  84. ^ John Braithwaite, Péter Drahos. (2000). Global Business Regulation. Cambridge University Press.
  85. ^ Levi-Faur, David, “The Odyssey of the Regulatory State – Episode One: The Rescue of the Welfare State”, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation & Governance, Paper No. 39, November 2011.
  86. ^ Giandomenico Majone (1997). From the Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance. Journal of Public Policy, 17, pp 139-167 doi:10.1017/S0143814X00003524
  87. ^ Dal Bó, Ernesto (2006). “Regulatory capture: A review”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 22 (2): 203–225. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grj013. JSTOR 23606888.
  88. ^ “Regulatory Capture Definition”. Investopedia. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.

Share

× How can I help you?